Physical violence and associated factors in participants of the National Student Health Survey (NSHS). / Violência física e fatores associados em participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE).

The objective of this article was to analyze the association between physical violence in students with socioeconomic factors, family context, mental health, individual risky behaviors, and unsafe environment. Study with data from the National School Health Survey (NSHS) in 2015, with 9th graders. The outcome variable was the report of involvement in a physical struggle and the associated exposure variables used were related to socioeconomic and demographic conditions, family supervision and support, mental health, risky behaviors, and unsafe environment. Multivariate logistic regression with a hierarchical approach was used in the analyzes. The prevalence of involvement in a fight was higher in boys (30.2%; CI 29.3-31.0) than in girls (16.7%; CI 16.0-17.4). In both genders, there was a greater chance of involvement with physical violence when using drugs, missing classes, sedentary lifestyle, insomnia, loneliness and insecurity at school or in the community and, especially, when victimized by family aggression, OR 2.59 (CI 2.31-2.90) in boys and girls OR 2.42 (CI 2.17-2.71). There was a reduction in the chance of involvement in physical violence in boys because they were working and, in girls, when they study in a private school, having their problems and concerns welcomed by their parents or their participation in school activities.

O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a associação entre a violência física em escolares com fatores socioeconômicos, contexto familiar, saúde mental, comportamentos individuais de risco e ambiente inseguro. Estudo com os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE), 2015, com alunos do 9o ano. A variável desfecho foi o relato de envolvimento em luta física e as variáveis de exposição associadas utilizadas foram relativas à condição socioeconômica e demográfica, supervisão e apoio familiar, saúde mental, comportamentos de risco e ambiente inseguro. Utilizou-se nas análises a regressão logística multivariada com abordagem hierarquizada. A prevalência de envolvimento em briga foi maior em meninos (30,2%; IC 29,3-31,0) comparada às meninas (16,7%; IC 16,0-17,4). Em ambos os sexos houve maior chance de envolvimento com violência física quando uso de drogas, falta às aulas, sedentarismo, insônia, solidão e insegurança na escola ou na comunidade e, principalmente, quando vítima de agressão familiar OR 2,59 (IC 2,31-2,90) em meninos e, em meninas OR 2,42 (IC 2,17-2,71). Houve redução da chance de envolvimento em violência física em meninos pelo fato de estarem trabalhando, em meninas, por estudarem em escola privada, e terem seus problemas e preocupações acolhidos pelos pais ou a participação destes nas atividades escolares.

Factors associated with glycemic control in a sample of individuals with Diabetes Mellitus taken from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, Brazil, 2008-2010. / Fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em amostra de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, Brasil, 2008 a 2010.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate factors associated with glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study, with participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health with self-reported DM; binomial logistic regression was used. RESULTS: 1,242 individuals were included; 54.2% had glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, showing inadequate glycemic control; factors associated with inadequate glycemic control were male sex (OR=1.39 - 95%CI 1.05;1.85), black skin color (OR=1.74 - 95%CI 1.22;2.48) or brown skin color (OR=1,57 - 95%CI 1.14;2.16), average occupation level (OR=1.63 - 95%CI 1.02;2.58), not having health insurance (OR=1.47 - 95%CI 1.09;1.96), use of insulin (OR=7.34 - 95%CI 3.56;15.15), increased waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.87 - 95%CI 1.19;2.93), smoking (OR=1.73 - 95%CI 1.09;2.74), and poor or very poor self-rated health (OR=2.37 - 95%CI 1.17;4.83). CONCLUSION: the results reinforce the multicausal context in glycemic control, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and health conditions.

Common mental disorders and socioeconomic status in adolescents of ERICA.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a stage of great social, family and emotional demands, and the literature has related common mental disorder (CMD) with poor living conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between CMD and socioeconomic status in Brazilian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA - Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes). The outcome was CMD and the exposure was socioeconomic status assessed by race/skin color, maternal schooling, resident/room relationship, type of school, existence of maid and bathroom at home, and work activity. For the calculation of prevalence, the survey mode was used and, in the multivariate analysis, logistic regression with p < 5%, as well as the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMD in girls was 23.3%, and in boys, 11.1%. The variables associated with CMD in girls were age between 15 and 17 years (OR = 1.34; 1.17-1.51), studying in private school (OR = 1.13; 1.01-1.27), having a housemaid (OR = 1.15; 1.00-1.34) and, as a protective factor, unpaid work (OR = 0.64; 0.55-0.75). Boys also had a higher chance of CMD in the highest age group (OR = 1.42; 1.18-1.71) and when they had a housemaid (OR = 1.26; 1.02-1.57), whereas unpaid work decreased this chance (OR = 0.79; 0.67-0.95). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic variables that were associated with CMD were suggestive of higher economic class, whereas unpaid work favored the mental health of adolescents, results contrary to the literature on socioeconomic status and CMD.

Fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em amostra de indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, Brasil, 2008 a 2010 / Factores asociados con el control glucémico en una muestra de individuos con diabetes Mellitus del Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud de Adultos, Brasil, 2008-2010 / Factors associated with glycemic control in a sample of individuals with Diabetes Mellitus taken from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, Brazil, 2008-2010

Objetivo: Investigar os fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus (DM). Métodos: estudo seccional, com participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto com DM autorreferido; utilizou-se regressão logística binomial. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.242 indivíduos; 54,2% apresentaram hemoglobina glicada ≥6,5%, evidenciando controle glicêmico inadequado; mostraram-se fatores associados ao controle glicêmico inadequado o sexo masculino (OR=1,39 ­ IC95%1,05;1,85), raça/cor da pele preta (OR=1,74 ­ IC95%1,22;2,48) ou parda (OR=1,57 ­ IC95%1,14;2,16), nível médio de ocupação (OR=1,63 ­ IC95%1,02;2,58), não ter plano de saúde (OR=1,47 ­ IC95%1,09;1,96), uso de insulina (OR=7,34 ­ IC95%3,56;15,15), relação cintura-quadril alterada (OR=1,87 ­ IC95%1,19;2,93), tabagismo (OR=1,73 IC95%1,09;2,74) e autoavaliação da saúde ruim ou muito ruim (OR=2,37 ­ IC95%1,17;4,83). Conclusão: os resultados reforçam o contexto multicausal no controle glicêmico, que foi associado a fatores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida e condições de saúde.

Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados con el control glucémico en personas con diabetes mellitus (DM). Métodos: estudio seccional, con participantes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto con DM autoinformada; se utilizó regresión logística binomial. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.242 individuos; el 54,2% tenía hemoglobina glicada ≥6,5%, mostrando un control glucémico inadecuado; los factores asociados con un control glucémico inadecuado fueron género masculino (OR=1,39 ­ IC95% 1,05;1,85), raza/color de piel negra (OR=1,74 ­ IC95%1,22;2,48) o parda (OR=1,57 ­ IC95%1,14;2,16), nivel medio de ocupación (OR=1,63 ­ IC95%1,02;2,58), sin seguro de salud (OR=1,47 ­ IC95%1,09;1,96), uso de insulina (OR=7,34 ­ IC95%3,56;15,15), aumento de la relación cintura-cadera (OR=1,87 ­ IC95%1,19;2,93), tabaquismo (OR=1,73 ­ IC95%1,09;2,74) y autoevaluación de mala salud o muy mala (OR=2,37 ­ IC95%1,17;4,83). Conclusión: los resultados refuerzan el contexto multicausal en el control glucémico, que se asoció con factores sociodemográficos, estilos de vida y condiciones de salud.

Objective: to investigate factors associated with glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, with participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health with self-reported DM; binomial logistic regression was used. Results: 1,242 individuals were included; 54.2% had glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, showing inadequate glycemic control; factors associated with inadequate glycemic control were male sex (OR=1.39 ­ 95%CI 1.05;1.85), black skin color (OR=1.74 ­ 95%CI 1.22;2.48) or brown skin color (OR=1,57 ­ 95%CI 1.14;2.16), average occupation level (OR=1.63 ­ 95%CI 1.02;2.58), not having health insurance (OR=1.47 ­ 95%CI 1.09;1.96), use of insulin (OR=7.34 ­ 95%CI 3.56;15.15), increased waist-to-hip ratio (OR=1.87 ­ 95%CI 1.19;2.93), smoking (OR=1.73 ­ 95%CI 1.09;2.74), and poor or very poor self-rated health (OR=2.37 ­ 95%CI 1.17;4.83). Conclusion: the results reinforce the multicausal context in glycemic control, which was associated with sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and health conditions.

Associações entre consumo de produtos lácteos, proteína C-reativa e perfil lipídico em adultos: resultados do ELSA-Brasil / Associations between consumption of dairy products, C-reactive protein, and lipid profile in adults: results of the ELSA-Brasil study / Asociaciones entre consumo de productos lácteos, proteína C-reativa y perfil lipídico en adultos: resultados del ELSA-Brasil

Anormalidades lipídicas e inflamação sistêmica subclínica estão associadas ao processo de aterosclerose, sendo utilizadas como marcadores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos produtos lácteos na saúde cardiovascular, mas os resultados em marcadores lipídicos e inflamatórios ainda são controversos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o consumo de produtos lácteos e seus diferentes subgrupos e proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e razão triglicerídeo/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) nos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). O consumo de lácteos foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar validado e apresentado em porções/dia. O consumo total de lácteos foi descrito em quatro categorias (≤ 1 porção/dia a > 4 porções/dia). As associações foram estimadas por meio do odds ratios (OR), utilizando-se o grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porção/dia) como referência. Os menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C no modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 em homens; e 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 em mulheres) foram encontrados no grupo com consumo > 4 porções/dia de lácteos totais. Esses resultados foram apoiados pelas associações inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos e a razão TG/HDL-C. Não foi encontrada associação entre consumo de produtos lácteos e seus subgrupos e valores de LDL-C e de PCR. Os resultados sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos lácteos no perfil lipídico, porém são necessárias evidências de estudos longitudinais e de intervenção que elucidem os mecanismos de efeito dos diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Lipid abnormalities and subclinical systemic inflammation are associated with atherosclerosis and are used as markers of cardiovascular risk. Studies have suggested a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on cardiovascular health, but the results in lipid and inflammatory markers are still controversial. This study aimed to assess the association between consumption of dairy products and their different subgroups and C-reactive protein (CRP), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) in participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9,372). Consumption of dairy products was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire and expressed as servings/day. Total consumption of dairy products was described in four categories (≤ 1 serving/day to > 4 servings/day). The associations were estimated via odds ratios (OR), using the group with the lowest consumption (≤ 1 serving/day) as the reference. The lowest ORs for TG/HDL-C in the multivariate model (0.70; 95%CI: 0.55-0.90 in men; and 0.55; 95%CI: 0.43-0.70 in women) were found in the group that consumed > 4 servings day of dairy products. These results were supported by the inverse associations between different subgroups of dairy products and the TG/HDL-C ratio. No association was found between consumption of dairy products and their subgroups and LDL-C and CRP. The results suggest a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on lipid profile, but longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to elucidate the effect mechanisms of different types of dairy products.

Las anormalidades lipídicas e inflamación sistémica subclínica están asociadas con el proceso de arteriosclerosis, siendo utilizadas como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los estudios sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los productos lácteos en la salud cardiovascular, pero los resultados en marcadores lipídicos e inflamatorios todavía son controvertidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y sus diferentes subgrupos y proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) y razón triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) en los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). El consumo de lácteos fue evaluado mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria validado, y presentado en porciones/día. El consumo total de lácteos se describió en cuatro categorías (≤ 1 porción/día a > 4 porciones/día). Las asociaciones fueron estimadas mediante odds ratios (OR), utilizando el grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porción/día) como referencia. Los menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C en el modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 en hombres; y 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 en mujeres) se encontraron en el grupo con consumo > 4 porciones/día de lácteos totales. Estos resultados se apoyaron en las asociaciones inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos y la razón TG/HDL-C. No se encontró asociación entre consumo de productos lácteos y sus subgrupos y valores de LDL-C y de PCR. Los resultados sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los lácteos en el perfil lipídico, pese a que se necesitan evidencias de estudios longitudinales y de intervención que eluciden los mecanismos de efecto de los diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Common mental disorders and socioeconomic status in adolescents of ERICA / Transtorno mental comum e condição socioeconômica em adolescentes do Erica

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is a stage of great social, family and emotional demands, and the literature has related common mental disorder (CMD) with poor living conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between CMD and socioeconomic status in Brazilian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA - Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes). The outcome was CMD and the exposure was socioeconomic status assessed by race/skin color, maternal schooling, resident/room relationship, type of school, existence of maid and bathroom at home, and work activity. For the calculation of prevalence, the survey mode was used and, in the multivariate analysis, logistic regression with p < 5%, as well as the 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMD in girls was 23.3%, and in boys, 11.1%. The variables associated with CMD in girls were age between 15 and 17 years (OR = 1.34; 1.17-1.51), studying in private school (OR = 1.13; 1.01-1.27), having a housemaid (OR = 1.15; 1.00-1.34) and, as a protective factor, unpaid work (OR = 0.64; 0.55-0.75). Boys also had a higher chance of CMD in the highest age group (OR = 1.42; 1.18-1.71) and when they had a housemaid (OR = 1.26; 1.02-1.57), whereas unpaid work decreased this chance (OR = 0.79; 0.67-0.95). CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic variables that were associated with CMD were suggestive of higher economic class, whereas unpaid work favored the mental health of adolescents, results contrary to the literature on socioeconomic status and CMD.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A adolescência é uma fase de grande demanda social, familiar e emocional, e a literatura tem relacionado o transtorno mental comum (TMC) com piores condições de vida. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre TMC e a condição socioeconômica em adolescentes brasileiros de 12 a 17 anos. MÉTODO: Estudo seccional com os dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (Erica). O desfecho foi o TMC e a exposição foi a condição socioeconômica avaliada por raça/cor, escolaridade materna, relação morador/cômodo, tipo de escola, existência de empregada e banheiro no domicílio e atividade laboral. Para o cálculo das prevalências, foi utilizado o modo survey e, na análise multivariada, a regressão logística com p < 5%, assim como o intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de TMC em meninas foi 23,3% e em meninos, 11,1%. As variáveis associadas ao TMC nas meninas foram ter idade entre 15 e 17 anos (OR = 1,34; 1,17-1,51), estudar em escola privada (OR = 1,13; 1,01-1,27), ter empregada doméstica (OR = 1,15; 1,00-1,34) e, como fator de proteção, o trabalho não remunerado (OR = 0,64; 0,55-0,75). Os meninos também apresentaram maior chance de TMC na faixa etária mais alta (OR = 1,42; 1,18-1,71) e quando tinham empregada (OR = 1,26; 1,02-1,57), enquanto o trabalho não remunerado diminuiu essa chance (OR = 0,79; 0,67-0,95). CONCLUSÃO: As variáveis socioeconômicas que estiveram associadas ao TMC foram sugestivas de classe econômica mais elevada, enquanto o trabalho não remunerado favoreceu a saúde mental dos adolescentes, resultados contrários à literatura sobre condição socioeconômica e TMC.

Fatores associados à tuberculose em população de diabéticos: um estudo caso-controle / Factors associated with tuberculosis in a population of diabetics: A case-control study

Resumo Este estudo analisou os fatores associados à tuberculose em diabéticos atendidos nas unidades de saúde de Vitória/ES, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, sendo 45 casos de diabéticos atendidos nas 30 unidades do município e notificados no SINAN com diagnóstico de tuberculose no período de 2007 a 2013 e 90 de controles diabéticos. Utilizaram-se dados do SINAN, do Sistema de Informação em Saúde de Vitória e do Laboratório Central Municipal, e uma entrevista estruturada. Foram realizadas análises bivariada e multivariada, mediante regressão logística com as variáveis significativas (p < 0,05). O grupo caso apresentou maior frequência de hábitos de vida danosos à saúde em comparação com o grupo controle, como consumo compulsivo de álcool (p < 0,001) e tabagismo (p = 0,060), além de piores parâmetros bioquímicos, como glicemia de jejum (p < 0,001) e hemoglobina glicosilada (p = 0,034). A ingestão regular de bebida alcoólica (OR 6,612; IC 2,151-20,330), o contato prévio com pessoas com tuberculose (OR 4,418; IC 1,678-11,631) e a glicemia de jejum (OR 1,017; IC 1,007-1,026) foram associados à tuberculose nos diabéticos. O estudo revela que piores hábitos de vida e controle glicêmico, e o contato anterior com tuberculose ativa aumentam a chance de o diabético desenvolver tuberculose.

Abstract This study analyzed the factors associated with tuberculosis in diabetics seen at health units of Vitória, ES, Brazil. This is a case-control study of 45 cases of diabetics seen in the 30 units of the municipality and reported in the SINAN with a diagnosis of tuberculosis in the 2007-2013 period and 90 cases of diabetic controls. We used data from the SINAN, the Health Information System of Vitória, and the Central Municipal Laboratory, as well a structured interview. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, using logistic regression with the significant variables (p < 0.05). The case group presented a higher frequency of health-damaging life habits as compared to the control group, such as compulsive drinking (p < 0.001) and tobacco smoking (p = 0.060), as well as worse biochemical parameters, such as fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p = 0.034). Regular drinking (OR 6.612, CI 2,151-20.330), previous contact with people with tuberculosis (OR 4.418, CI 1.678-11.631), and fasting blood sugar (OR 1.017, CI 1.007-1.026) were associated with tuberculosis in diabetics. The study reveals that poorer lifestyle habits and glycemic control and previous contact with active tuberculosis increase the chance of diabetics developing tuberculosis.

Factors associated with urinary sodium/potassium ratio in participants in the ELSA-Brazil study. / Fatores associados à relação sódio/potássio urinária em participantes do ELSA-Brasil.

This study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with high estimated sodium/potassium ratio. A total of 15,105 participants were assessed, from 35 to 74 years of age, from a cohort of public employees (ELSA-Brazil). Socioeconomic data were collected with a questionnaire, and 12-hour nighttime urine samples were collected to estimate sodium and potassium intake. Sodium/potassium ratio was calculated in mmol/L and divided into tertiles: 1st tertile, corresponding to "low"; 2nd tertile for "medium"; and 3rd tertile for "high" sodium/potassium ratio. The proportions and means were compared according to the classification of tertiles in the sodium/potassium ratio, using chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were tested, with the 1st tertile as the reference. Factors associated with sodium/potassium ratio were: male sex (OR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.60-1.98); age 35 to 44 years (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.33-2.19); incomplete elementary schooling (OR = 2.38; 95%CI: 1.78-3.18); and lower income (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.26-1.73). Men, younger individuals, and those with less schooling and income showed higher mean sodium/potassium ratio.

Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados à estimativa de alta relação de consumo de sódio/potássio. Foram avaliados 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 anos, de uma coorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Dados socioeconômicos foram coletados por meio de questionário e realizada coleta urinária de 12 horas noturnas para estimar o consumo de sódio e potássio. A relação sódio/potássio foi calculada em mmol/L e dividida em tercis: 1º tercil corresponde à "baixa" relação; 2º à "intermediária" e 3º tercil à "alta" relação sódio/potássio. Foram comparadas as proporções e médias segundo as classificações do tercil da relação sódio/potássio, utilizando-se os testes de qui-quadrado e análise de variância (ANOVA). Foram testados modelos brutos e ajustados de regressão logística multinomial, tendo como referência o 1º tercil. Os fatores associados à alta relação sódio/potássio foram: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); indivíduos de 35 a 44 anos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); Ensino Fundamental incompleto (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) e menor renda (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Verificou-se que os homens, indivíduos mais jovens e de menor escolaridade e renda apresentaram médias mais elevadas da relação sódio/potássio.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la estimación respecto a la alta relación de consumo de sodio/potasio. Se evaluaron a 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 años, dentro de una cohorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Se recogieron datos socioeconómicos mediante un cuestionario y se realizó una toma nocturna de orina de 12 horas para estimar el consumo de sodio y potasio. La relación sodio/potasio se calculó en mmol/L y se dividió en terciles: 1er tercil corresponde a la "baja" relación; 2º tercil a la "intermedia" y 3er tercil a la "alta" relación sodio/potasio. Se compararon las proporciones y medias, según las clasificaciones del tercil de la relación sodio/potasio, utilizando los testes de chi-cuadrado y análisis de variancia (ANOVA). Se utilizaron modelos brutos y ajustados de regresión logística multinomial, teniendo como referencia el 1er tercil. Los factores asociados a la alta relación sodio/potasio fueron: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); individuos de 35 a 44 años (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); enseñanza fundamental incompleta (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) y menor renta (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Se verificó que los hombres, individuos más jóvenes y con menor escolaridad y renta presentaron medias más elevadas en la relación sodio/potasio.

[Associations between consumption of dairy products, C-reactive protein, and lipid profile in adults: results of the ELSA-Brasil study]. / Associações entre consumo de produtos lácteos, proteína C-reativa e perfil lipídico em adultos: resultados do ELSA-Brasil.

Lipid abnormalities and subclinical systemic inflammation are associated with atherosclerosis and are used as markers of cardiovascular risk. Studies have suggested a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on cardiovascular health, but the results in lipid and inflammatory markers are still controversial. This study aimed to assess the association between consumption of dairy products and their different subgroups and C-reactive protein (CRP), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) in participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9,372). Consumption of dairy products was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire and expressed as servings/day. Total consumption of dairy products was described in four categories (≤ 1 serving/day to > 4 servings/day). The associations were estimated via odds ratios (OR), using the group with the lowest consumption (≤ 1 serving/day) as the reference. The lowest ORs for TG/HDL-C in the multivariate model (0.70; 95%CI: 0.55-0.90 in men; and 0.55; 95%CI: 0.43-0.70 in women) were found in the group that consumed > 4 servings day of dairy products. These results were supported by the inverse associations between different subgroups of dairy products and the TG/HDL-C ratio. No association was found between consumption of dairy products and their subgroups and LDL-C and CRP. The results suggest a possible beneficial effect of dairy products on lipid profile, but longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to elucidate the effect mechanisms of different types of dairy products.

Anormalidades lipídicas e inflamação sistêmica subclínica estão associadas ao processo de aterosclerose, sendo utilizadas como marcadores de risco cardiovascular. Estudos sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos produtos lácteos na saúde cardiovascular, mas os resultados em marcadores lipídicos e inflamatórios ainda são controversos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a associação entre o consumo de produtos lácteos e seus diferentes subgrupos e proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) e razão triglicerídeo/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) nos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). O consumo de lácteos foi avaliado por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar validado e apresentado em porções/dia. O consumo total de lácteos foi descrito em quatro categorias (≤ 1 porção/dia a > 4 porções/dia). As associações foram estimadas por meio do odds ratios (OR), utilizando-se o grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porção/dia) como referência. Os menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C no modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 em homens; e 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 em mulheres) foram encontrados no grupo com consumo > 4 porções/dia de lácteos totais. Esses resultados foram apoiados pelas associações inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos e a razão TG/HDL-C. Não foi encontrada associação entre consumo de produtos lácteos e seus subgrupos e valores de LDL-C e de PCR. Os resultados sugerem um possível efeito benéfico dos lácteos no perfil lipídico, porém são necessárias evidências de estudos longitudinais e de intervenção que elucidem os mecanismos de efeito dos diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Las anormalidades lipídicas e inflamación sistémica subclínica están asociadas con el proceso de arteriosclerosis, siendo utilizadas como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los estudios sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los productos lácteos en la salud cardiovascular, pero los resultados en marcadores lipídicos e inflamatorios todavía son controvertidos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de productos lácteos y sus diferentes subgrupos y proteína C-reativa (PCR), LDL-colesterol (LDL-C) y razón triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-C) en los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) (n = 9.372). El consumo de lácteos fue evaluado mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria validado, y presentado en porciones/día. El consumo total de lácteos se describió en cuatro categorías (≤ 1 porción/día a > 4 porciones/día). Las asociaciones fueron estimadas mediante odds ratios (OR), utilizando el grupo de menor consumo (≤ 1 porción/día) como referencia. Los menores valores de OR para TG/HDL-C en el modelo multivariado (0,70; IC95%: 0,55-0,90 en hombres; y 0,55; IC95%: 0,43-0,70 en mujeres) se encontraron en el grupo con consumo > 4 porciones/día de lácteos totales. Estos resultados se apoyaron en las asociaciones inversas encontradas entre diferentes subgrupos de lácteos y la razón TG/HDL-C. No se encontró asociación entre consumo de productos lácteos y sus subgrupos y valores de LDL-C y de PCR. Los resultados sugieren un posible efecto benéfico de los lácteos en el perfil lipídico, pese a que se necesitan evidencias de estudios longitudinales y de intervención que eluciden los mecanismos de efecto de los diferentes tipos de lácteos.

Fatores associados à relação sódio/potássio urinária em participantes do ELSA-Brasil / Factores asociados a la excreción urinaria sodio/potasio en participantes del ELSA-Brasil / Factors associated with urinary sodium/potassium ratio in participants in the ELSA-Brazil study

Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados à estimativa de alta relação de consumo de sódio/potássio. Foram avaliados 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 anos, de uma coorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Dados socioeconômicos foram coletados por meio de questionário e realizada coleta urinária de 12 horas noturnas para estimar o consumo de sódio e potássio. A relação sódio/potássio foi calculada em mmol/L e dividida em tercis: 1º tercil corresponde à "baixa" relação; 2º à "intermediária" e 3º tercil à "alta" relação sódio/potássio. Foram comparadas as proporções e médias segundo as classificações do tercil da relação sódio/potássio, utilizando-se os testes de qui-quadrado e análise de variância (ANOVA). Foram testados modelos brutos e ajustados de regressão logística multinomial, tendo como referência o 1º tercil. Os fatores associados à alta relação sódio/potássio foram: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); indivíduos de 35 a 44 anos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); Ensino Fundamental incompleto (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) e menor renda (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Verificou-se que os homens, indivíduos mais jovens e de menor escolaridade e renda apresentaram médias mais elevadas da relação sódio/potássio.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la estimación respecto a la alta relación de consumo de sodio/potasio. Se evaluaron a 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 años, dentro de una cohorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Se recogieron datos socioeconómicos mediante un cuestionario y se realizó una toma nocturna de orina de 12 horas para estimar el consumo de sodio y potasio. La relación sodio/potasio se calculó en mmol/L y se dividió en terciles: 1er tercil corresponde a la "baja" relación; 2º tercil a la "intermedia" y 3er tercil a la "alta" relación sodio/potasio. Se compararon las proporciones y medias, según las clasificaciones del tercil de la relación sodio/potasio, utilizando los testes de chi-cuadrado y análisis de variancia (ANOVA). Se utilizaron modelos brutos y ajustados de regresión logística multinomial, teniendo como referencia el 1er tercil. Los factores asociados a la alta relación sodio/potasio fueron: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); individuos de 35 a 44 años (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); enseñanza fundamental incompleta (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) y menor renta (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Se verificó que los hombres, individuos más jóvenes y con menor escolaridad y renta presentaron medias más elevadas en la relación sodio/potasio.

Abstract: This study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with high estimated sodium/potassium ratio. A total of 15,105 participants were assessed, from 35 to 74 years of age, from a cohort of public employees (ELSA-Brazil). Socioeconomic data were collected with a questionnaire, and 12-hour nighttime urine samples were collected to estimate sodium and potassium intake. Sodium/potassium ratio was calculated in mmol/L and divided into tertiles: 1st tertile, corresponding to "low"; 2nd tertile for "medium"; and 3rd tertile for "high" sodium/potassium ratio. The proportions and means were compared according to the classification of tertiles in the sodium/potassium ratio, using chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were tested, with the 1st tertile as the reference. Factors associated with sodium/potassium ratio were: male sex (OR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.60-1.98); age 35 to 44 years (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.33-2.19); incomplete elementary schooling (OR = 2.38; 95%CI: 1.78-3.18); and lower income (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.26-1.73). Men, younger individuals, and those with less schooling and income showed higher mean sodium/potassium ratio.

Associations of Dairy Intake with Arterial Stiffness in Brazilian Adults: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Recent studies have suggested the possible effect of dairy product intake on cardiovascular risk markers, including arterial stiffness. Our aim was to investigate whether dairy food intake is associated with arterial stiffness, which we assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and pulse pressure (PP) in a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data (2008­2010; n = 12,892) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Dairy consumption was evaluated with a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) by computing servings per day for total and subgroups of dairy products. Dairy consumption was described in four categories (≤1 serving/day to >4 servings/day). Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was used to compare cfPWV across increasing intake of dairy food, adjusting for confounding factors, including non-dairy food groups. The intake of total dairy was inversely associated with cfPWV and PP (­0.13 m/s and ­1.3 mmHg, from the lowest and to the highest category of dairy intake). Low-fat dairy, fermented dairy and cheese showed an inverse relationship with cfPWV and PP. These findings suggest a beneficial effect of dairy consumption to reduce arterial stiffness. However, further evidence from longitudinal studies or long-term intervention is needed to support reduction of cfPWV and PP mediating the beneficial effects of dairy products on cardiovascular health.

Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of sodium and potassium intake can be carried out using different methods. Biological markers are able to capture intra and inter-individual variability and are used as separate measurements of consumption. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium excretion as representative of habitual intake. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study, federal university. METHODS: Food consumption data from a sample of adult university students and public servants (25 to 74 years old) were collected through 24-hour records and 12-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion at five different times over a one-year period. The dietary data were entered into a nutritional research data software system and the sodium and potassium intakes were estimated. The variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate means. Correlations between measurements using Pearson or Spearman coefficients were calculated. The degree of agreement between the five measurements was given by the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Satisfactory agreement was found between the five measurements of urinary sodium and potassium excretion over a year, with little variability in consumption. CONCLUSION: A single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium accurately estimated the usual average consumption of these electrolytes. This can be used in population-based studies.

Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Evaluation of sodium and potassium intake can be carried out using different methods. Biological markers are able to capture intra and inter-individual variability and are used as separate measurements of consumption. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium excretion as representative of habitual intake. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study, federal university. METHODS: Food consumption data from a sample of adult university students and public servants (25 to 74 years old) were collected through 24-hour records and 12-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion at five different times over a one-year period. The dietary data were entered into a nutritional research data software system and the sodium and potassium intakes were estimated. The variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate means. Correlations between measurements using Pearson or Spearman coefficients were calculated. The degree of agreement between the five measurements was given by the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Satisfactory agreement was found between the five measurements of urinary sodium and potassium excretion over a year, with little variability in consumption. CONCLUSION: A single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium accurately estimated the usual average consumption of these electrolytes. This can be used in population-based studies.

Quality of infant care in primary health services in Southern and Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of the health care provided to children aged under one year old performed by primary health services in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study carried out in 2010 with 7,915 children aged from one to four years, whose homes are located in the areas of health service coverage. We described the prevalence of procedures and guidelines, such as weight and height measurement, vaccination, newborn blood spot screening, evaluation of umbilical cord, instruction on breastfeeding and introduction of new food, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The differences were analyzed using the chi-square test of heterogeneity and linear trend. We considered the main outcome of high-quality infant care if the child had received all recommended procedures and guidelines in the first year of life. For this analysis, we used the Poisson regression considering hierarchical model. RESULTS: There was low prevalence for the instruction on breastfeeding in the first week of life (58.8%, 95%CI 57.5-60.0) and on the introduction of new food in the fourth month care. The prevalence of high-quality in childcare was 42.0% (95%CI 40.5-43.5). The adjusted analysis according to hierarchical model indicated greater probability of this outcome in the Northeast region (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.09-1.26), in smaller municipalities (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.03-1.33), and in municipalities with 50,000 and 99,000 inhabitants (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.09-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: The Northeast region has higher-quality infant care services, which can be explained by the consolidation of the Family Health Strategy in that region.

Factors associated with tuberculosis in a population of diabetics: A case-control study. / Fatores associados à tuberculose em população de diabéticos: um estudo caso-controle.

This study analyzed the factors associated with tuberculosis in diabetics seen at health units of Vitória, ES, Brazil. This is a case-control study of 45 cases of diabetics seen in the 30 units of the municipality and reported in the SINAN with a diagnosis of tuberculosis in the 2007-2013 period and 90 cases of diabetic controls. We used data from the SINAN, the Health Information System of Vitória, and the Central Municipal Laboratory, as well a structured interview. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, using logistic regression with the significant variables (p < 0.05). The case group presented a higher frequency of health-damaging life habits as compared to the control group, such as compulsive drinking (p < 0.001) and tobacco smoking (p = 0.060), as well as worse biochemical parameters, such as fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin (p = 0.034). Regular drinking (OR 6.612, CI 2,151-20.330), previous contact with people with tuberculosis (OR 4.418, CI 1.678-11.631), and fasting blood sugar (OR 1.017, CI 1.007-1.026) were associated with tuberculosis in diabetics. The study reveals that poorer lifestyle habits and glycemic control and previous contact with active tuberculosis increase the chance of diabetics developing tuberculosis.

Este estudo analisou os fatores associados à tuberculose em diabéticos atendidos nas unidades de saúde de Vitória/ES, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, sendo 45 casos de diabéticos atendidos nas 30 unidades do município e notificados no SINAN com diagnóstico de tuberculose no período de 2007 a 2013 e 90 de controles diabéticos. Utilizaram-se dados do SINAN, do Sistema de Informação em Saúde de Vitória e do Laboratório Central Municipal, e uma entrevista estruturada. Foram realizadas análises bivariada e multivariada, mediante regressão logística com as variáveis significativas (p < 0,05). O grupo caso apresentou maior frequência de hábitos de vida danosos à saúde em comparação com o grupo controle, como consumo compulsivo de álcool (p < 0,001) e tabagismo (p = 0,060), além de piores parâmetros bioquímicos, como glicemia de jejum (p < 0,001) e hemoglobina glicosilada (p = 0,034). A ingestão regular de bebida alcoólica (OR 6,612; IC 2,151-20,330), o contato prévio com pessoas com tuberculose (OR 4,418; IC 1,678-11,631) e a glicemia de jejum (OR 1,017; IC 1,007-1,026) foram associados à tuberculose nos diabéticos. O estudo revela que piores hábitos de vida e controle glicêmico, e o contato anterior com tuberculose ativa aumentam a chance de o diabético desenvolver tuberculose.

Quality of infant care in primary health services in Southern and Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the quality of the health care provided to children aged under one year old performed by primary health services in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. METHODS This is a cross-sectional, population-based study carried out in 2010 with 7,915 children aged from one to four years, whose homes are located in the areas of health service coverage. We described the prevalence of procedures and guidelines, such as weight and height measurement, vaccination, newborn blood spot screening, evaluation of umbilical cord, instruction on breastfeeding and introduction of new food, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The differences were analyzed using the chi-square test of heterogeneity and linear trend. We considered the main outcome of high-quality infant care if the child had received all recommended procedures and guidelines in the first year of life. For this analysis, we used the Poisson regression considering hierarchical model. RESULTS There was low prevalence for the instruction on breastfeeding in the first week of life (58.8%, 95%CI 57.5-60.0) and on the introduction of new food in the fourth month care. The prevalence of high-quality in childcare was 42.0% (95%CI 40.5-43.5). The adjusted analysis according to hierarchical model indicated greater probability of this outcome in the Northeast region (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.09-1.26), in smaller municipalities (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.03-1.33), and in municipalities with 50,000 and 99,000 inhabitants (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.09-1.34). CONCLUSIONS The Northeast region has higher-quality infant care services, which can be explained by the consolidation of the Family Health Strategy in that region.

Profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general populations. / Perfil de mortalidade por causas externas entre Adventistas do Sétimo Dia e a população geral.

This paper aimed to compare the profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general population of Espírito Santo from 2003 to 2009. A search of Adventists was performed in the nominal database of the Mortality Information System containing data on Adventists provided by the administrative offices of the institution. Deaths from external causes occurred during the study period were then divided into two groups: Adventists and the general population. Adventists had lower proportional mortality from external causes (10%) than the general population (19%), and males were the main reason for this difference. In both groups, deaths prevailed in the 20-29 years age group. Deaths from accidental causes were most significant among Adventists (68.08%), while deaths from intentional causes related to assault and self-inflicted injuries were more significant in the general population (53.67% of all deaths). The standardized mortality ratio for external causes was 41.3, thus, being Adventist reduced mortality by 58.7%. It is believed that the benefit of Adventists observed for mortality from external causes is related to this group's abstinence from alcohol consumption.

Access to child care services in the Northeast and in the South Regions of Brazil / Acesso ao atendimento de puericultura nas Regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to estimate the incomplete follow-up on child care services and the associated factors in the municipalities in the Northeast and in the South of Brazil. Methods: a population-based cross-sectional study with 7,915 children. The incomplete follow-up on child care regarded the absence of at least one of the seven advocated care services. The Poisson regression was used for crude and adjusted analysis. Results: the prevalence of the incomplete follow-up child care was 53.6% (CI95%= 52.5-54.7) in the Northeast and 28.3% (CI95%= 27.3-29.3) in the South, therefore 91% was greater in the Northeast (PR=1.91; CI95%= 1.73-2.11). Protector effect was observed: in the muni-cipalities with 30 to 49 thousand inhabitants in the Northeast (PR= 0.72; CI95%= 0.64-0.82) and 100 to 999 thousand inhabitants in the South (PR=0.69; CI95%= 0.57-0.84); the South has the greatest income quartile (RP=0.77; CI95%= 0.63-0.95) and has six or more prenatal consultations (PR=0.83; CI95%= 0.75-0.92) in the Northeast and (PR=0.65; CI95%= 0.53-0.79) in the South. Social classes D and E showed risks (PR=1.41; CI95%= 1.19-1.67) in the Northeast and (PR=1.67; CI95%= 1.37-2.03) in the South. Conclusions: children in the Northeast are more likely not to have a complete child care follow-up, implying that the user does not come to be attended or finds difficulties to have access to the health services.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar o acompanhamento incompleto de puericultura e os fatores associados, em municípios do Nordeste e Sul do Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado com 7.915 crianças. Considerou-se acompanhamento incompleto da puericultura a ausência em pelo menos um dos sete atendimentos preconizados. Utilizou-se Regressão de Poisson para análise bruta e ajustada. Resultados: a prevalência do acompanhamento incompleto da puericultura foi de 53,6% (IC95%= 52,5-54,7) no Nordeste e de 28,3% (IC95%= 27,3-29,3) no Sul, sendo 91% maior no Nordeste (RP=1,91; IC95% 1,73-2,11). Efeito protetor foi observado: em municípios com 30 a 49 mil habitantes no Nordeste (RP= 0,72; IC95%= 0,64-0,82) e 100 a 999 mil habitantes no Sul (RP=0,69; IC95% 0,57-0,84); pertencer ao maior quartil de renda per capita no Sul (RP=0,77; IC95% 0,63-0,95) e fazer seis ou mais consultas de pré-natal (RP=0,83; IC95%=0,75-0,92) Nordeste e (RP=0,65; IC95%= 0,53-0,79) Sul. Pertencer às classes D e E evidenciou risco no Nordeste (RP=1,41; IC95%= 1,19-1,67) e no Sul (RP=1,67; IC95%=1,37-2,03). Conclusões: as crianças no Nordeste estão mais sujeitas a não seguir o acompanhamento completo de puericultura, sugerindo que o usuário não comparece ou encontra dificuldades nos acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Perfil de mortalidade por causas externas entre Adventistas do Sétimo Dia e a população geral / Profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general populations

Resumo Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar o perfil de mortalidade por causas externas entre Adventistas do Sétimo Dia e população geral do Espírito Santo no período de 2003 a 2009. Realizou-se busca dos Adventistas no banco nominal do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade de posse das informações dos Adventistas fornecidas pelas sedes administrativas da instituição. Os óbitos por causas externas ocorridos no período estudado foram então separados em dois grupos: Adventistas e população geral. Os Adventistas apresentaram menor mortalidade proporcional por causas externas (10%) que a população geral (19%), sendo o sexo masculino o principal responsável por essa diferença. Em ambos os grupos os óbitos predominaram na faixa de 20 a 29 anos. As mortes por causas acidentais foram mais expressivas entre os Adventistas (68,08%) enquanto as mortes por causas intencionais relacionadas às agressões e lesões autoprovocadas foram mais significativas na população geral (53,67% de todas as mortes). A razão de mortalidade padronizada para as causas externas foi 41,3, sendo assim ser Adventista reduziu a mortalidade em 58,7%. Acredita-se que o benefício dos Adventistas verificado em relação à mortalidade por causas externas possa estar relacionado à recomendação de abstinência do consumo de álcool por esse grupo.

Abstract This paper aimed to compare the profile of mortality from external causes among Seventh-day Adventists and the general population of Espírito Santo from 2003 to 2009. A search of Adventists was performed in the nominal database of the Mortality Information System containing data on Adventists provided by the administrative offices of the institution. Deaths from external causes occurred during the study period were then divided into two groups: Adventists and the general population. Adventists had lower proportional mortality from external causes (10%) than the general population (19%), and males were the main reason for this difference. In both groups, deaths prevailed in the 20-29 years age group. Deaths from accidental causes were most significant among Adventists (68.08%), while deaths from intentional causes related to assault and self-inflicted injuries were more significant in the general population (53.67% of all deaths). The standardized mortality ratio for external causes was 41.3, thus, being Adventist reduced mortality by 58.7%. It is believed that the benefit of Adventists observed for mortality from external causes is related to this group's abstinence from alcohol consumption.

Use of the Method of Triads in the Validation of Sodium and Potassium Intake in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

INTRODUCTION: Biomarkers are a good choice to be used in the validation of food frequency questionnaire due to the independence of their random errors. OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the potassium and sodium intake estimated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire ELSA-Brasil. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A subsample of participants in the ELSA-Brasil cohort was included in this study in 2009. Sodium and potassium intake were estimated using three methods: Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, 12-hour nocturnal urinary excretion and three 24-hour food records. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the methods, and the validity coefficient was calculated using the method of triads. The 95% confidence intervals for the validity coefficient were estimated using bootstrap sampling. Exact and adjacent agreement and disagreement of the estimated sodium and potassium intake quintiles were compared among three methods. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 246 participants, aged 53±8 years, 52% of women. Validity coefficient for sodium were considered weak (рfood frequency questionnaire actual intake = 0.37 and рbiomarker actual intake = 0.21) and moderate (рfood records actual intake 0.56). The validity coefficient were higher for potassium (рfood frequency questionnaire actual intake = 0.60; рbiomarker actual intake = 0.42; рfood records actual intake = 0.79). Conclusions: The Food Frequency Questionnaire ELSA-Brasil showed good validity in estimating potassium intake in epidemiological studies. For sodium validity was weak, likely due to the non-quantification of the added salt to prepared food.